A team led by Hansan Liu, Gilbert Brown and Parans Paranthaman of the US Department of Energy laboratory’s Chemical Sciences Division found that titanium dioxide creates a highly desirable material that increases surface area and features a fast charge-discharge capability for lithium-ion batteries. Compared with conventional technologies, the differences in charge time and capacity are said to be striking.
‘We can charge our battery to 50 per cent of full capacity in six minutes while the traditional graphite-based lithium-ion battery would be just 10 per cent charged at the same current,’ Liu said.
Compared with commercial lithium-titanate material, the ORNL compound is claimed to boast a higher capacity — 256 versus 165 milliampere hours per gram — and a sloping discharge voltage that is good for controlling the state of charge.
This characteristic, combined with the fact that oxide materials are extremely safe and long-lasting alternatives to commercial graphite, make it well suited to hybrid-electric vehicles and other high-power applications.
The results, recently published in Advanced Materials, could also have special significance for applications in stationary energy-storage systems for solar and wind power, as well as for smart grids. The titanium dioxide with a bronze polymorph also has the advantage of being potentially inexpensive, according to Liu.
In a statement, ORNL said that the heart of the breakthrough is the novel architecture of titanium dioxide — named mesoporous TiO2-B microspheres — which features channels and pores that allow for the unimpeded flow of ions with a capacitor-like mechanism. Consequently, a lithium-ion battery that substitutes TiO2-B for the graphite-electrode charges and discharges quickly.
‘Theoretical studies have uncovered that this pseudocapacitive behaviour originates from the unique sites and energetics of lithium absorption and diffusion in a TiO2-B structure,’ the authors wrote in their paper, entitled ‘Mesoporous TiO2-B microspheres with superior rate performance for lithium-ion batteries’.
Paranthaman noted that the microsphere shape of the material allows for traditional electrode fabrication and creates compact electrode layers. He also observed, however, that the production process of this material is complex and involves many steps, so more research remains to determine whether it is scalable.
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