The material, developed by a team led by Glasgow University engineers, could lead to the development of safer, lighter and more durable structures for use in the aerospace, automotive, renewables and marine industries. The team describe how they have developed a new plate-lattice cellular metamaterial in Materials & Design.
Metamaterials are a class of artificially-created cellular solids, designed and engineered with properties which do not occur in the natural world.
One form of metamaterials - plate-lattices - are cubic structures made from intersecting layers of plates that exhibit unusually high stiffness and strength, despite featuring a significant amount of space, known as porosity, between the plates. This porosity also makes plate-lattices unusually lightweight.
The researchers set out to investigate whether new forms of plate-lattice design, manufactured from a plastic-nanotube composite they developed, could make a metamaterial with more advanced properties of stiffness, strength, and toughness.
Their composite uses mixtures of polypropylene and polyethylene and multi-wall carbon nanotubes. They used their nanoengineered filament composite as the feedstock in a 3D printer which fused the filaments together to build a series of plate-lattice designs. Those designs were then subjected to a series of impact tests by dropping a 16.7kg mass from a range of heights to determine their ability to withstand physical shocks.
First, the team tested three types of typical plate-lattices: a simple cube formed from the intersection of three plates, a more complex cube with additional intersecting plates, and a more multifaceted design. Those typical plate-lattices were made in two batches – one from polypropylene and one from polyethylene.
They then tested three more ‘hybrid’ plate-lattices which incorporated features from the simpler designs in the first experiments: a simple cube/complex cube hybrid, a simple cube/multifacet hybrid and one which amalgamated all three. The batches were again made from polypropylene and polyethylene.
The hybrid design which amalgamated elements of all three typical plate-lattice designs was the most effective in absorbing impacts, with the polypropylene version showing the greatest impact resistance. Using specific energy absorption, the team found that the polypropylene hybrid plate-lattice could withstand 19.9 joules per gram, which they say is a superior performance over similarly-designed microarchitected metamaterials based on aluminium.
Dr Shanmugam Kumar, Reader in Composites and Additive Manufacturing in the James Watt School of Engineering, led the research project.
“This work sits right at the intersection of mechanics and materials,” he said in a statement. “The balance between the carbon nanostructure-engineered filaments we’ve developed as a feedstock for 3D printing, and the hybrid composite plate-lattice designs we’ve created, has produced a really exciting result. In the pursuit of lightweight engineering, there is a constant hunt for ultra-lightweight materials featuring high performance. Our nanoengineered hybrid plate-lattices achieve extraordinary stiffness and strength properties and exhibit superior energy absorption characteristics over similar lattices built with aluminium.
“Advances in 3D printing are making it easier and cheaper than ever to fabricate the kinds of complicated geometries with tailored porosity that underpin our plate-lattice design. Manufacture of this kind of design at industrial scales is becoming a real possibility.
“One application for this new kind of plate-lattice might be in automobile manufacture, where designers perpetually strive to build more lightweight bodies without sacrificing safety during crashes. Aluminium is used in many modern car designs, but our plate-lattice offers greater impact resistance, which could make it useful in those kinds of applications in the future.
“The recyclability of the plastics we’re using in these plate-lattices also makes them attractive as we move towards a net-zero world, where circular economic models will be central to making the planet more sustainable.”
The research team involved mechanical and chemical engineers from Khalifa University in Abu Dhabi and Texas A&M University at College Station in the USA. Their work was supported by funding from the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company and Glasgow University.
Nanogenerator consumes CO2 to generate electricity
Whoopee, they've solved how to keep a light on but not a lot else.