Carbon nanotubes form the basis of “buckypaper” material to protect hypersonic aircraft in flight
While passengers endure 19 hour non-stop flights from London to Sydney, aerospace researchers are working on ways to speed up flight. Materials scientists from Florida State University (FSU) reports in the journal Carbon that they have developed a thin, lightweight material that they believe could help shield aircraft from the intense heat that they would experience flying at around five times the speed of sound.
Hypersonic flight has always been dogged with problems of high temperatures, caused by friction from air resistance. In experimental ramjet-powered flights in the 1960s, high temperatures caused by shock waves that melted parts of the aircraft. But as with all materials problems in aerospace, light weight is crucial. Increasingly, builders of fast jets, rockets and satellite launchers are turning to lightweight carbon composites, but these tend to behave poorly at high temperatures so attention is turning to heat shield materials. But these too have to be light, and current materials tend to form heat shields that are thicker than the material they are protecting.
“Right now, our flight systems are becoming more and more high-speed, even going into hypersonic systems, which are five times the speed of sound,” said Professor Richard Liang, director of the High Performance Materials Institute at FSU, who led the research. “When you have speeds that high, there’s more heat on a surface. Therefore, we need a much better thermal protection system.”
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Further reading
- Hypersonic scramjet sets new thrust record
- New ceramic coating could have hypersonic applications
- Hypersonic vehicle achieves aviation history
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The material described in the Carbon paper is formed from sheets of carbon nanotubes – which the team refers to as “buckypaper “ – soaked in a phenol-based resin. This yields a lightweight, flexible material that can form a heatproof skin that protects the aircraft structure while also providing mechanical reinforcement.
Testing the material with a blowtorch showed that the material retains much of its strength and flexibility after heating, in contrast to ceramic-based heat shield materials which are prone to cracking after heating.
The buckypaper material retained 39 per cent of its flexural strength and 70 per cent of its modulus of elasticity after heating, in comparison to 11 per cent and 21 per cent for a standard carbon fibre reinforced plastic control material.
Don’t forget that a large part of the heat comes from adiabatic compression of the air, thus it is not only the friction.
I have been looking into the ‘Heat Barrier’ of aerofoil sections and I believe there is a methodology to heat shield frictional contact at hyper-sonic speeds >= Mach 25 that add minimal mass to the aerofoil aircraft sections. I have been trying unsuccessfully to find civil and/or military contacts to explain the simple and basic rules that also apply to other divisions of mechanical industry technologies.
I have possible simple solutions but need to explain to a group of like minded ‘Thinking outside the Box’ competent persons. I am prepared to supply the technology but I cannot be heavily involved in the R&D side other than as a guide person due to recent health issues and being on a war service medical pension.
Contact me via my email address.
With Skype or Facetime vid we can already do a billion km / hr. Why bother about 6,000 km / hr, with all its’ CO2?
Quite simple Stuart, you cannot shoot down incoming enemy aircraft or missiles with Skype or Facetime.