This is the claim of a team at KAUST in Saudi Arabia, which claims that its material’s energy transfer could bring efficiency gains in devices including LEDs, X-ray imaging scintillators, and solar cells.
During a medical imaging procedure, X-rays passing through the body are absorbed by a scintillator material, which converts X-rays into light for a digital camera type sensor to capture.
“To date, high-performance scintillators consist mainly of either ceramic that needs harsh and costly preparation conditions, or perovskite materials that have poor air and light stability and high toxicity,” said Jian-Xin Wang, a postdoc who led the work in the laboratory of Omar Mohammed.
Organic scintillator materials have good processability and stability but low imaging resolution and detection sensitivity due to the low atomic weight - and so limited X-ray absorption - of their component atoms.
Mohammed and his colleagues are now said to have improved the X-ray capture of organic scintillators by combining them with a metal-organic framework (MOF), Zr-fcu-BADC-MOF, which incorporates high atomic weight zirconium within highly ordered structures.
When the MOF layer of the nanocomposite was struck by X-rays, excitons - excited pairs of negatively charged electrons and positively charged holes - were generated. According to KAUST, these energy carriers readily transferred from the MOF to the organic TADF (thermally-activated delayed fluorescence) chromophore (the part of a molecule responsible for its colour), aided by the ultrashort distance between them, and the energy was emitted as light.
Critically for the nanocomposite’s overall efficiency, the TADF chromophore emitted light regardless of exciton form, the team confirmed. ‘Singlet’ excitons are said to have resulted in direct light emission, and the TADF chromophore readily converted non-emissive ‘triplet’ excitons into the emissive singlet state. “The direct harnessing of singlet and triplet excitons of the TADF chromophores contributed greatly to its remarkably enhanced radioluminescence intensity and X-ray sensitivity,” Wang said in a statement.
Due to its near-100 per cent efficient transfer of energy from X-rays into light, the nanocomposite scintillator reached imaging resolution down to a few hundred micrometres, and a detection limit 22 times lower than typical X-ray medical imaging doses, Wang said.
The concept was confirmed when the team employed a closely related strategy, showing that the TADF chromophore could also be combined with perovskites nanosheets to produce nanocomposites with excellent X-ray imaging scintillator performance. Efficient energy transfer enabled by the ultrashort distance between layers, and the TADF chromophore’s direct use of singlet and triplet excited states, were key as the detection limit of the material was enhanced even more, reaching 142 times lower than a typical X-ray medical imaging dose.
“Our energy transfer strategy promotes organic X-ray imaging scintillators from an almost-dead research field into one of the most exciting applications for radiology and security screening. It also applies to other light-conversion applications including light-emitting diodes and solar cells,” Mohammed said. “We are planning to further improve the performance of our large-scale X-ray imaging scintillators before we take it to the market.”
The team's findings have been published in Matter and ACS Energy Letters.
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