A new study from the University of Illinois has found that artificial muscles made from carbon fibre can lift up to 12,600 times their own weight.
(Credit: University of Illinois Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering)
Published in the journal Smart Materials and Structures, the research found the structures could also support up to 60MPa of mechanical stress, provide tensile strokes higher than 25 per cent and specific work of up to 758J/kg. According to the Illinois team, this is 18 times more than the specific work natural muscles can produce.
“The range of applications of these low cost and lightweight artificial muscles is really wide and involves different fields such as robotics, prosthetics, orthotics, and human assistive devices,” said Caterina Lamuta, a postdoctoral fellow that worked on the study.
“The mathematical model we proposed is a useful design tool to tailor the performance of coiled artificial muscles according to the different applications. Furthermore, the model provides a clear understanding of all the parameters that play an important role in the actuation mechanism, and this encourages future research works toward the development of new typologies of fibre-reinforced coiled muscles with enhanced properties.”
The artificial muscles are made from coils of commercial carbon fibre and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Bundles of carbon fibres are first dipped in uncured PDMS diluted with hexane and then twisted with a drill to create a yarn that has a homogeneous shape and constant radius. Once the PDMS cures, the straight composite yarn is coiled tightly to create the muscle, which can be activated using voltage, heat or absorption of a solvent.
“To use carbon fibres, we had to understand the mechanism of contraction of coiled muscles,” said Sameh Tawfick (pictured left with Lamuta), assistant professor of mechanical science and engineering at the university.
“Once we uncovered the theory, we learned how to transform carbon fibres into ultra-strong muscles. We simply filled carbon fibre tows with the suitable type of silicone rubber, and their performance was impressive, precisely what we had aimed for.”
Heavens, this brings me back to my efforts in late 70s to convert such into a format capable of spinning such into use-able yarns. The word tow- a throw-back to the original linen and jute processing industry- described a large ‘band’ of individual acrylic (actually polyacrylo-nitryl) filaments side by side and intermingled with each other which are burnt in an inert atmosphere to drive-off the hydrogen elements of the chemistry and leave pure-carbon.
Nice work. The most important point I do not see in the article is durability. How many times can you activate the muscle before the fibers break due to fatigue. I think that silicone matrix will also not hold a lot and will de-wet from the fibers with time. Did you test it?