Subsea IoUT enabled by light and energy transfer

Self-powered internet of underwater things (IoUT) that harvest energy and decode information transferred by light beams can enhance sensing and communication in the seas and oceans, claim the team at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). They are now working to solving some of the many challenges to this technology being employed in harsh and dynamic environments.

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"Underwater acoustic and radio wave communications are already in use, but both have huge drawbacks. Acoustic communication can be used over large distances but lacks stealth and can only access a small bandwidth," said master's student Jose Filho. "Furthermore, radio waves lose their energy in seawater, which limits their use in shallow depths. They also require bulky equipment and lots of energy to run."

"Underwater optical communication provides an enormous bandwidth and is useful for reliably transmitting information over several meters," said co-first author Abderrahmen Trichili. "KAUST has conducted some of the first tests of high-bit-rate underwater communication, setting records on the distance and capacity of underwater transmission in 2015."

Led by Khaled Salama, Filho, Trichili and team are investigating the use of simultaneous lightwave information and power transfer (SLIPT) configurations for transmitting energy and data to underwater electronic devices. Their results have been published by IEEE in a paper titled Toward Self-Powered Internet of Underwater Things Devices.

"SLIPT can help charge devices in inaccessible locations where continuous powering is costly or not possible," Filho said in a statement.

In one experiment, the KAUST team charged and transmitted instructions across a 1.5-metre-long water tank to a solar panel on a submerged temperature sensor. The sensor recorded temperature data and saved it on a memory card, later transmitting it to a receiver when information in the light beam instructed it to do so.

In another experiment, the battery of a camera submerged at the bottom of a tank filled with Red Sea water was charged via its solar panel within an hour-and-a-half by a partially submerged, externally powered laser source. The fully charged camera was reportedly able to stream one-minute-long videos back to the laser transmitter.

"These demonstrations were the first stand-alone devices to harvest energy, decode information and perform a particular function - in this case temperature sensing and video streaming," said Salama.

The KAUST team is now working on the deployment of underwater SLIP configurations. They are finding ways to overcome the effects of turbulence on underwater reception and looking into the use of ultraviolet light for transmissions that face underwater obstructions. They are also developing smart underwater optical positioning algorithms that could help locate relay devices set up to extend the communication ranges of IoUT devices.

Research in this field could ultimately lead to the deployment of self-powered underwater sensors for tracking climate change effects on coral reefs, detecting seismic activity and monitoring oil pipelines. According to KAUST, it could also lead to the development of small autonomous robots for more accurate and extensive underwater search and rescue operations.