New research claims that, in the race against climate change, the renewable energy industry must embrace the circular economy. Matthew Stone of NextGen Nano, explains how energy companies can overcome this obstacle.
By 2050, the European Union (EU) aims to cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 80 to 95 per cent, compared with levels recorded in 1990. To achieve the targets outlined in the Paris Agreement, the EU has pledged to spend at least 20 per cent of its budget, up to the value of €180 billion, on technologies and research for tackling climate change.
The Netherlands is one country making great strides in the adoption of renewable energy on a large scale. It was the first country in 2017 to state that it wanted to phase out the use of natural gas by closing all coal plants by 2030, and it has also made plans to build several offshore wind plants.
While these steps demonstrate the Dutch’s positive transition to renewable energy systems, a report supported by the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure has found that on a global scale this route may not be sustainable. In fact, the report claimed that “if the rest of the world would develop renewable electricity capacity at a comparable pace with the Netherlands, a considerable shortage [of materials] would arise.”
Many of the rare metals that are used to manufacture existing renewable technologies are mined from just a handful of countries. Europe is almost completely dependent on foreign supply of critical metals and as renewable energy productions scale up to meet demand, governments could be faced with several barriers.
So, considering the global supply of rare materials like those used in solar panels and wind turbines is insufficient for a full transition to a renewable energy system, scientists and engineers need to find viable substitutions for rare materials. Alternatively, global leaders need to embrace a regenerative approach to the design, maintenance and recycling of renewable technologies. This is also referred to as the circular economy.
Recent scientific breakthroughs in organic semiconductors have led to the creation of polymer solar cells that are not only more efficient, but that can also be used to make flexible, wafer thin and semi-transparent solar panels that can be designed to fit virtually any application.
For example, NextGen Nano’s PolyPower blends earth-friendly polymers with organic polymer solar cells (PSCs) to provide a lightweight, flexible and potentially inexpensive approach to solar energy harvesting. Notably, the technology achieves these characteristics while still being robust, mitigating the problems associated with traditional photovoltaic (PV) brittle panels.
These cells also solve another problem; they are Earth-friendly unlike silicon-based cells. The manufacture and disposal of existing silicon solar panels produces hazardous materials such as cadmium compounds, silicon tetrachloride, hexafluoroethane and lead. Moving to polymers makes the panels easier to recycle at the end of the panel’s usable lifecycle and reduces the environmental concerns surrounding these as a result.
Committing to reduce carbon emissions and fossil fuel usage is a bold decision for any economy to make, but it’s necessary for our global leaders to drive change and implement principles and methods of design that make it easier to manage current materials. The absence of long-term planning, with specific implementation plans for renewable energy capacity targets, creates uncertainty and undermines government credibility.
It’s fundamental that we find alternative or substitute materials in order to meet the increased demand of renewable technology across the world. For solar panels, making the transition to polymers will go a long way in mitigating this issue.
Matthew Stone is commercialisation director at organic polymer solar cell producer NextGen Nano
Your company’s premise is correct: dependency on materials that are constrained by geopolitical and physical limits is a major hurdle for renewable energy technology and for solving the climate emergency fast. I am delighted to learn that you are using bio-based polymers, as the circular economy must maximize the use of renewable resources and completely exclude fossil fuels.
I wish you great success in scaling up NextGen Nano technology.
Strongly agree with Silvia’s comments: circular economy is fundamental to long-term success.
I worry about the dependence on the circular economy. For this to be economic materials need a long lifetime, besides being recyclable. Replacing photo-voltaic panels, even thin polymer ones, is a major expense beyond the panel costs. It is unlikely to be automatise-able on existing housing stock, requiring skilled manual labour. When I worked in the semiconductor industry in 1975, all semiconductors were designed for a 30 year minimum life at 1% failure rate. When I left it in 2008, manufacturers were content with a 4 year failure rate of 5% for consumer items. Flimsy polymer sheets have a poor reliability record in the building industry and there are reasons to believe that organic semiconductors will have a narrower operating temperature range and poorer overload characteristics than inorganic semiconductors. They simply will not be up to the extreme climatic conditions we are being led to expect. You have a steep hill to climb.
From a system engineering perspective, we have barely begun to identify all the technical, fiscal, and environmental questions that must be addressed as we move to alternative sustainable energy sources. How much an hour are we going to pay for the maintenance workforce who will be needed to maintain, repair, and replace the (how many???) wind turbines on 200+ foot towers? Man hours per kilowatt hour? We need a new “Manhattan type” project to really get serious about all this. Very respectfully submitted. MB